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Handicraft, also
known as craftwork or simply craft, is a type of work where useful
and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only
simple tools. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of
making goods. The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount
criterion, such items often have cultural and/or religious significance.
Items made by mass production or machines are not handicrafts.
Usually, what distinguishes the term handicraft from the frequently
used category arts and crafts is a matter of intent: handicrafted
items are intended to be used, worn, et cetera, having a purpose
beyond simple decoration. Handicrafts are generally considered more
traditional work, created as a necessary part of daily life, while
arts and crafts implies more of a hobby pursuit and a demonstration/perfection
of a creative technique. In practical terms, the categories have
a great deal of overlap.
Arts and crafts :
Arts and crafts comprise a whole host
of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with
one's own hands and skill. These can be sub-divided into handicrafts
or "traditional crafts" (doing things the old way) and
the rest. Some crafts have been practised for centuries, while others
are modern inventions, or popularisations of crafts which were originally
practiced in a very small geographic area.
Additionally, this term refers to the Arts and Crafts movement which
was a social revolution veiled in a design movement of the late
19th and early 20th century, whose proponents included William Morris
and Edwin Lutyens. They believed that medieval craftsmen achieved
a joy and fulfillment in the excellence of their work, which they
strove to emulate.
These activities are called crafts because originally many of them
were professions under the guild system. Adolescents were apprenticed
to a master-craftsman, and they refined their skills over a period
of years in exchange for low wages. By the time their training was
complete, they were well-equipped to set up in trade for themselves,
earning their living with the skill that could be traded directly
within the community, often for goods and services. The Industrial
Revolution and the increasing mechanisation of production processes
gradually reduced or eliminated many of the roles professional craftspeople
played, and today 'crafts' are most commonly seen as a form of hobby
or art.
Most crafts require a combination of skill, speed, and patience,
but they can also be learnt on a more basic level by virtually anyone.
Many community centres and schools run evening or day classes and
workshops offering to teach basic craft skills in a short period
of time. Many of these crafts become extremely popular for brief
periods of time (a few months, or a few years), spreading rapidly
among the crafting population as everyone emulates the first examples.
The term craft also refers to the products of artistic production
or creation that require a high degree of tacit knowledge, are highly
technical, require specialized equipment and/or facilities to produce,
involve manual labour or a blue-collar work ethic, are accessible
to the general public and are constructed from materials with histories
that exceed the boundaries of western art history, such as ceramics,
glass, textiles, metal and wood. These products are produced within
a specific community of practice and while they differ from the
products produced within the communities of art and design, the
boundaries of such often overlap resulting in hybrid objects. Additionally,
as the interpretation and validation of art is frequently a matter
of context, an audience may perceive crafted objects as art objects
when these objects are viewed within an art context, such as in
a museum or in a position of prominence in one’s home.
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